Match the following: (P) Lexical analysis (i) Leftmost derivation (Q) Top down parsing (ii) Type checking (R) Semantic analysis (iii) Regular expressions (S) Runtime environments (iv) Activation records

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Solution

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Official answer: B) P ↔ iii, Q ↔ i, R ↔ ii, S ↔ iv

Lexical Analysis, Parsing and SDT

Let us match each compiler phase with its associated concept:

(P) Lexical analysis: Tokens are specified using Regular expressions (iii).
(Q) Top down parsing: A top-down parser constructs the parse tree from the root down to the leaves, which corresponds to finding a Leftmost derivation for an input string (i).
(R) Semantic analysis: Performs static semantic checks such as Type checking (ii).
(S) Runtime environments: Manages memory and function calls dynamically using Activation records on the call stack (iv).

Thus, the correct mapping is:

\text{P} \leftrightarrow \text{iii}, \quad \text{Q} \leftrightarrow \text{i}, \quad \text{R} \leftrightarrow \text{ii}, \quad \text{S} \leftrightarrow \text{iv}

This corresponds to option (B).

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This Lexical Analysis, Parsing and SDT previous year question is Q19 of the GATE CSE 2016 Set 2 paper. Find more GATE CSE PYQs on Lexical Analysis, Parsing and SDT in Compiler Design, or browse all GATE CSE PYQs.

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Lexical Analysis, Parsing and SDT in GATE CSE

Lexical Analysis, Parsing and SDT has 14 GATE CSE PYQs across 12 papers from 2011 to 2025. 9 of them are 1-mark MCQs like this one, and it is the only one in GATE CSE 2016 Set 2.

How GATE tests Lexical Analysis, Parsing and SDT

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Independent practice explanation verified by the GateAI team. GATE is conducted by the IITs; question text follows the official paper.