Compiler Design · Runtime Environments
Official IIT answer key · IIT Kanpur · Audited Aug 2026
GATE CSE 2023 Q36 · MCQ · 2 marks
int main()
{
f1();
f2(2);
f3();
return(0);
}
int f1()
{
return(1);
}
int f2(int X)
{
f3();
if (X==1)
return f1();
else
return (X*f2(X-1));
}
int f3()
{
return(5);
}
Which one of the following options represents the activation tree corresponding to the main function?Key concept
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Topic notes
In Compiler Design, GATE tests Runtime Environments through conceptual and tracing questions on activation records, procedure activation trees, runtime memory allocation strategies (static vs. stack vs. heap), and scoping rules combined with parameter-passing mechanisms. Questions alternate between 1-mark theoretical concept validation (e.g., requirements for recursion, activation tree traversals) and 2-mark procedural traces (e.g., determining static access links, program output under dynamic scoping, and activation tree construction).
Full Runtime Environments guide →Consider the following program: int main() f1(); f2(2); f3(); return(0); int f1() return(1); int f2(int X) f3(); if (X==1) return f1(); else return (X*f2(X-1)); int f3() return(5); Which one of the following options represents the activation tree corresponding to the main function?
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Independent practice explanation verified by the GateAI team. GATE is conducted by the IITs; question text follows the official paper.