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Probability and Statistics

GATE CSE 2018 · Q15

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Two people, P and Q, decide to independently roll two identical dice, each with 6 faces, numbered 1 to 6. The person with the lower number wins. In case of a tie, they roll the dice repeatedly until there is no tie. Define a trial as a throw of the dice by P and Q. Assume that all 6 numbers on each dice are equi-probable and that all trials are independent. The probability (rounded to 3 decimal places) that one of them wins on the third trial is ______.

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Solution

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Official answer: 0.023 (±0.002) (±0.002)

Probability and Statistics

In a single trial where P and Q each roll a fair 6-sided die, there are 6×6=366 \times 6 = 36 equally likely possible outcomes.

  1. Probability of a tie in one trial: A tie occurs when both roll the same number: (1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6)(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6).

    P(Tie)=636=16P(\text{Tie}) = \frac{6}{36} = \frac{1}{6}
  2. Probability of a win (someone wins) in one trial:

    P(Win)=1−P(Tie)=1−16=56P(\text{Win}) = 1 - P(\text{Tie}) = 1 - \frac{1}{6} = \frac{5}{6}
  3. Probability that one of them wins on the third trial: This requires a tie on Trial 1, a tie on Trial 2, and a win on Trial 3:

    P=P(Tie)×P(Tie)×P(Win)=(16)×(16)×(56)=5216≈0.02315P = P(\text{Tie}) \times P(\text{Tie}) \times P(\text{Win}) = \left(\frac{1}{6}\right) \times \left(\frac{1}{6}\right) \times \left(\frac{5}{6}\right) = \frac{5}{216} \approx 0.02315

Rounded to 3 decimal places, the probability is 0.023 (acceptable range: 0.0210.021 to 0.0240.024).

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This Probability and Statistics previous year question is Q15 of the GATE CSE 2018 paper. Find more GATE CSE PYQs on Probability and Statistics in Engineering Mathematics, or browse all GATE CSE PYQs.

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Probability and Statistics in GATE CSE

Probability and Statistics has 46 GATE CSE PYQs across 23 papers from 2011 to 2026. 11 of them are 1-mark NAT questions like this one, and it is the only one in GATE CSE 2018.

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GateAI solution cardGATE CSE 2018 · Q15 · NAT

Two people, P and Q, decide to independently roll two identical dice, each with 6 faces, numbered 1 to 6. The person with the lower number wins. In case of a tie, they roll the dice repeatedly until there is no tie. Define a trial as a throw of the dice by P and Q. Assume that all 6 numbers on each dice are equi-probable and that all trials are independent. The probability (rounded to 3 decimal places) that one of them wins on the third trial is …

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